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Vietnamese literature is literature, both oral and written, created largely by Vietnamese-speaking people, although Francophone Vietnamese and English-speaking Vietnamese authors in Australia and the United States are counted by many critics as part of the national tradition. For a millennium before the 11th century, Vietnam was dominated by China and as a result much of the written work during this period was in Classical Chinese. Chữ nôm, created around the 10th century, allowed writers to compose in Vietnamese using modified Chinese characters. Although regarded as inferior to Chinese, it gradually grew in prestige. It flourished in the 18th century when many notable Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in ''chữ nôm'' and when it briefly became the official written script. While the quốc ngữ script was created in the 17th century, it did not become popular outside of missionary groups until the early 20th century, when the French colonial administration mandated its use in French Indochina. By the mid-20th century, virtually all Vietnamese works of literature were composed in ''quốc ngữ''. ==Literature in Chinese== (詳細はClassical Chinese (called Hán Văn ). Almost all of the official documents in Vietnamese history were written in Classical Chinese, as were the first poems.〔George Cœdès ''The Making of South East Asia'' 1966- Page 87 "No work of literature from the brush of a Vietnamese survives from the period of Chinese rule prior to the rise of the first national dynasties; and from the Dinh, Former Le, and Ly dynasties, all that remains are some poems by Lac Thuan (end of the tenth century), Khuong Viet (same period), and Ly Thuong Kiet (last quarter of the eleventh century). Those competent to judge consider these works to be quite up to the best standards of Chinese literature.〕 Not only is the Chinese script foreign to modern Vietnamese speakers, these works are mostly unintelligible even when directly transliterated from Chinese into the modern quốc ngữ script due to their Chinese syntax and vocabulary. As a result, these works must be translated into colloquial Vietnamese in order to be understood by the general public. These works include official proclamations by Vietnamese kings, royal histories, and declarations of independence from China, as well as Vietnamese poetry. In chronological order notable works include: * Chiếu dời đô or Thiên đô chiếu () 1010, Edict on transfer the capital of Đại Cồ Việt from Hoa Lư (modern Ninh Bình) to Đại La (modern Hanoi). * Nam quốc sơn hà () 1077, Mountains and rivers of the Southern country, poem by general Lý Thường Kiệt * Đại Việt sử ký () Annals of Đại Việt by Lê Văn Hưu, 1272 * Hịch tướng sĩ (Dụ chư tỳ tướng hịch văn ), Proclamation to the Officers, general Trần Hưng Đạo, 1284 * An Nam chí lược () Abbreviated Records of An Nam, anon. 1335 * Gia huấn ca ( The Family Training Ode), a 976-line Confucian morality poem attributed to Nguyễn Trãi 1420s * Lĩnh Nam chích quái () "The wonderful tales of Lĩnh Nam" 14th Century, edited Vũ Quỳnh (1452-1516) * Đại Việt sử lược () Abbreviated History of Đại Việt, anon. 1377 * Việt Điện U Linh Tập () Spirits of the Departed in the Viet Realm, Lý Tế Xuyên 1400 * Bình Ngô đại cáo () or Cáo bình Ngô, Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Ming dynasty, Nguyễn Trãi 1428 * Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư () Complete Annals of Đại Việt, Ngô Sĩ Liên 1479. * Truyền kỳ mạn lục (, Collection of Strange Tales, partly by Nguyễn Dữ, 16th century * Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí () Unification Records of the Le Emperor, historical novel ending with Gia Long. anon. * Chinh phụ ngâm () "Lament of the soldier's wife", the original Chinese version by Đặng Trần Côn d.1745 * Đại Việt thông sử () history by Lê Quý Đôn 1749 * Vân đài loại ngữ () encyclopedia Lê Quý Đôn 1773 * Phủ biên tạp lục () Frontier Chronicles Lê Quý Đôn 1776 * ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'' ( ''Việt Nam vong quốc sử''), by Phan Bội Châu in Japan in 1905 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vietnamese literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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